This pericope (a fun word for “passage” I learned in Klyne’s class) is sandwiched between the parable and explanation of the parable of the sower. It seems that the parable itself is a “parable about parables” and serves to illustrate how they are received and how the hearers respond. The following exegetical issues analysis was done using R.T. France’s The Gospel of Mark: The New International Greek Testament Commentary.
oiJ peri; aujto;n su;n toi:V dwvdeka
Jesus’ response to this group may have been a regular pattern, evidenced by the use of the imperfect tense of the verb hjrwvtwn. This may suggest a pattern of questioning by a group with the disciples after Jesus told a parable. It is important to note that Jesus explains the use of parables to a group wider than the twelve. Mark distinguishes this group from the (presumably) larger o[cloV in 3:32 and 4:1. “oiJ peri; aujto;n su;n toi:V dwvdeka” is contrasted from “toi:V e[xw” as those who would be given the secret (musthvrion) of the kingdom of God. It is important to note that these gathered with the twelve are those who took the initiative to ask for an explanation.
musthvrion, ejn parabolai:V
The musthvrion of the kingdom of God is most accurately translated here as “secret,” assuming a “hiddenness” or privileged knowledge that Jesus shares. It is used only here in the Gospels, but appears in Paul’s writing as well. Reading this in context of the following verses on may understand that this information is to be kept from “toi:V e[xw” and not shared. Is this counter to evangelism? Reading on to 4:21f would suggest not, but that this light is to be shared. Jesus states that to “toi:V e[xw,” everything is ejn parabolai:V. This means that to those who have not yet asked, the “secret” is still in parables, yet to be discerned. We understand that it is by asking that the code is revealed. It does not seem likely that those who are able to understand is a pre-determined number, but a number of those who take initiative to find understanding through Christ’s revelation. Musthvrion is given not deciphered; the kingdom of God is something so foreign to our understanding that it must be revealed (France, 196,197). The condition of the hearers of parables can be likened to the condition of the soil on which the seed of the sower (the message of the kingdom) falls.
i{na, mhvpote
It is the group “e[xw” that is applied to the reference to Isaiah 6:10. This is an important conjunction, as it defines the relationship between hearing (or being deaf to) the musthvrion of the kingdom and turning to be forgiven. Does i{na denote purpose, result, a quotation…? It should be hard to dismiss that the final part of the Isaiah reference is the fate of those who do not understand or perceive. If i{na means “so that,” it brings with it questions of double predestination, that some have no hope of restoration. France (200) argues against the possibility of a translation meaning “unless,” that would frame this text as a “unless they turn, then…” message. The word mhvpote later in the verse is more rigid in its meaning (lest), and makes it more likely that i{na means “so that.” Assuming the Isaiah text is not ironic (proving it to be so is difficult), this is a foreboding text for those who do not receive the secret of the kingdom. In light of 4:21-22, however, we again see that this secret is meant to be shared, and this condemnation of the “e[xw” is temporary if those who hear share the eujaggevlion. It is also important to note that Jesus excludes (or Mark) the first part of Isaiah 6:10 that includes language about stopping ears and shutting eyes. This may reinforce the idea that the “deafness and blindness” described is of the people’s own doing.
By this passage it seems most likely that Mark and Jesus emphasize our own role in receiving the secret of the kingdom of God. The kingdom, complex as it is, is taught through parables. The people who hear the secret are those that ask. Complacency and hardness of heart prevent one from turning and receiving forgiveness. That good news is meant to be shared, even with those who resist its first hearing (or second, or third).